Quiz title: Restoring tropical forests - Gala quiz 

1. In tropical rain forests, the majority of seeds are dispersed by:
a) Wind
*b) Frugivorous birds, bats, and primates
c) Large insects
d) Water

Text: [Figure] Refer to the accompanying figure about tree cluster size on the "is there an ideal cluster size?" page to answer the following three questions. The figure legend is as follows: “Number of (top) animal-dispersed seeds, (middle) tree recruits, and (bottom) grass cover at different locations within applied nucleation plots. Large nuclei = 12 × 12 m planted, medium = 8 × 8 m, small = 4 × 4 m. Values are means ± 1 standard error for n = 11 plots for seed deposition in 2006-2008, n = 8 plots for recruit data and vegetation structure in 2010). Means with the same letter do not differ significantly using Tukey’s multiple-comparison test across locations. Modified from Holl et al. (2020).”

2. Approximately how many animal-dispersed seeds fell per square meter each year in medium and large islands?
a) 7
b) 100
*c) 350
d) 450

3. Which of the following statements is true? Select all that apply.
[] The number animal-dispersed tree seedling is significantly greater in large than medium tree clusters.
[*] The number of animal-dispersed tree seedling is significantly greater in large than small tree clusters. 
[] The number of animal-dispersed tree seedlings is significantly greater in large than both medium and small tree clusters.
[] The number animal-dispersed tree seedlings is not significantly different in small tree nuclei or locations outside the planted nuclei. 

4. Which of the following factors might explain the pattern of animal-dispersed tree seedlings? Select all that apply. 
[*] Higher numbers of animal-dispersed seeds in locations where there are more tree seedlings.
[*] Lower grass competition with seedlings in locations where there are more tree seedlings.
[] Higher competition with grasses in areas where there are more tree seedlings.
[] Higher soil nutrients in areas away from nuclei edges. 

5. Which of the following are common ecological or socioeconomic obstacles to forest recovery in former agricultural lands? Select all that apply. 
[*] There are usually few seeds left in the soil so recovery depends on seed dispersal
[*] There are low rates of seed dispersal by animals as a result of forest clearing (habitat loss) and overhunting
[*] Many animal seed dispersers will not cross open agricultural land (and thus not disperse seeds to recovering areas)
[*] Established plants on agricultural lands, such as pasture grasses, may outcompete tree species and limit their germination and growth
[*] Many agricultural soils have low nutrient availability as a result of depletion
[*] Many open agricultural lands have high temperature, high light, and low moisture which can be stressful for forest species

6. Which of the following are characteristics of a site that tend to lead to faster natural regeneration? Select all that apply. 
[*] Not heavily degraded by humans
[*] Located near sources of plants and animals that will colonize the site
[] Repeated intensive and industrial agriculture occurring on the site. 
[] High isolation from other areas with similar plants and animals to avoid competition for space.