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@article{Mcewan2009,
author = {McEwan, Ryan W and Birchfield, M Keith and Schoergendorfer, Angela and Arthur, Mary A},
doi = {10.3159/08-RA-109.1},
file = {:home/madeleine/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/08-ra-109.1.pdf:pdf},
journal = {The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society},
keywords = {and by the college,asimina triloba,by the university of,exotic species,grant,kentucky through a faculty,lindera benzoin,lonicera maackii,non-native species,of agriculture at the,research support,this work was supported},
number = {2},
pages = {212--220},
title = {{Leaf phenology and freeze tolerance of the invasive shrub Amur honeysuckle and potential native competitors}},
volume = {136},
year = {2009}
}
@misc{Battel2017,
abstract = {Growing degree-days, or heat units, help growers and researchers track the development of plants and pests.},
author = {Battel, Bob},
booktitle = {Michigan State University Extension},
title = {{Understanding growing degree-days}},
url = {https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/understanding{\_}growing{\_}degree{\_}days},
urldate = {2018-12-19},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Nugent2004,
abstract = {Are you calculating degree day accumulations and finding your values don't match the values being reported by MSU or your neighbor's electronic data collection unit? There is a logical reason! Three different methods are used to calculate degree days; i.e., 1) Averaging Method; 2) Baskerville-Emin (BE) Method; and 3) Electronic Real-time Data Collection. All methods attempt to calculate the heat accumulation above a minimum threshold temperature, often referred to the base temperature. Once both the daily maximum and minimum temperatures get above the minimum threshold temperature, (i.e., base temperature of 42degrees, 50degrees or whatever other base temperature of interest) then all methods are fairly comparable. However, differences do occur and these are accentuated in an exceptionally long period of cool spring temperatures, such as we experienced this year. Let me briefly explain: 1. Averaging Method: Easy to calculate Degree Days(DD) = Average daily temp. -Base Temp. = (max. + min.) / 2 -Base temp. If answer is negative, assume 0. Example: Calculate DD Base 50 given 65 degrees max. and 40 degrees min. Avg. = (65 + 40) / 2 = 52.5 degrees DD base 50 = 52.5 -50 = 2.5 degrees. But look what happens given a maximum of 60 degrees and a minimum of 35 degrees: Avg. = (60 + 35) / 2 = 47.5 DD base 50 = 47.5 -50 = -2.5 = 0 degrees. The maximum temperature was higher than the base of 50° , but no degree days were accumulated. A grower called about the first of June reporting only about 40{\%} of the DD 50 that we have recorded. Why? He was using the averaging method. It will always underestimate early season accumulation, but never have I seen it this far off!! 2. BE Method: Fits a curve (more specifically a sine curve for the mathematicians in the crowd) to the maximum and minimum temperature to simulate how the temperature varies, then calculates the area of the curve above the base temperature using calculus. Easy for you math majors! This does a better job of simulating the heat accumulation above the base temperature than does the averaging method when the minimum daily temperature is below the base (or lower threshold) temperature. This BE method is used by MSU to calculate the degree days reported for the ag weather sites around the state. When the min daily temperature exceeds the base threshold temperature, then the averaging method and the BE give similar results. To calculate your own degree days without a computer, I suggest using the BE lookup chart during the early season, then switch to the averaging method when the season gets warmer. For those of you who want the real thing, here is a step by step calculationfor Baskerville-Emin method from Dr. Jeff Andresen at MSU 3. Electronic Weather Data Collection devices don't need to go through these arithmetic calculations. Instead, these devices record temperatures every few minutes. These can then be programmed to simply take the temp reading, subtract the base threshold and accumulate the readings for the day. Hence, these results will be the most accurate; however, keep in mind that virtually all of the research},
author = {Nugent, Jim},
file = {:home/madeleine/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/CalculatingGrowingDegreeDays.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Michigan State University Extension},
pages = {1--2},
title = {{Calculating growing degree days}}
}
@article{Miller2018,
abstract = {It's tough to predict plant growth based on the calendar because temperatures can vary greatly from year to year. Instead, growing degree days, which are based on actual temperatures, are a simple and accurate way to predict when a certain plant stage will occur.},
author = {Miller, Perry and Lanier, Will and Brandt, Stu},
doi = {10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb0489},
file = {:home/madeleine/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/MT200103AG.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9789251072745},
issn = {0177798X},
journal = {Montguide},
keywords = {growing degree days},
number = {MT200103 AG},
title = {{Using Growing Degree Days to Predict Plant Stages}},
year = {2018}
}